Muriyi mpeshyi, icyorezo cya covid 19 cyongeye kwiyongera mu ntara n’imijyi myinshi, ibitaro by’ubuhungiro byahoze bigera ku rwego rw’uburambe ku isi, bitangiza imyubakire nini nini nyuma yo gufunga inzu ya moderi ya Wuhan Leishenshan na Huoshenshan. ibitaro.
Komisiyo y’igihugu y’ubuzima (NHS) yavuze ko ari ngombwa kureba ko muri buri ntara hari ibitaro by’ubuhungiro 2 kugeza kuri 3. Nubwo ibitaro byubuhungiro bitarubakwa, tugomba kugira gahunda yubwubatsi kugirango ibikenewe byihutirwa-ibitaro byigihe gito birashobora kubakwa no kurangira muminsi ibiri.
Jiao Yahui, umuyobozi w’ibiro bishinzwe ubuvuzi bwa NHC, mu kiganiro n’abanyamakuru cyakozwe n’inama y’igihugu ishinzwe gukumira no kugenzura ibikorwa by’inama y’igihugu ku ya 22 Werurwe ko kuri ubu hari ibitaro 33 by’ubuhungiro byubatswe cyangwa birimo kubakwa; Hubatswe ibitaro 20 bya modular naho 13 birimo kubakwa, hamwe n'ibitanda 35.000. Ibi bitaro by'agateganyo byibanze cyane muri Jilin, Shandong, Yunnan, Hebei, Fujian, Liaoning ...
Changchun modular yibitaro
Ibitaro by'agateganyo ni urugero rwiza rwubwubatsi bwigihe gito, igihe cyo kubaka ibitaro byigihe gito ntabwo kirenze icyumweru kimwe uhereye kubishushanyo kugeza kubyara byanyuma.
Ibitaro bya Makeshift bigira uruhare nkikiraro hagati yo kwigunga murugo no kujya mubitaro byabigenewe, kandi birinda guta umutungo wubuvuzi.
Mu 2020, ibitaro 16 by’ubuhungiro byubatswe mu byumweru 3 i Wuhan, kandi bavura abarwayi bagera ku 12.000 mu kwezi, kandi bagera ku rupfu rwa zeru rw’abarwayi n’indwara zeru z’abakozi b’ubuvuzi. Gusaba ibitaro by'agateganyo nabyo byazanywe muri Amerika, Ubudage, Ubutaliyani, Espagne n'ibindi bihugu.
Ibitaro by'agateganyo byahinduwe bivuye i New York Convention and Exhibition Centre (Source: Dezeen)
Ibitaro by'agateganyo byahinduwe ku kibuga cy'indege cya Berlin mu Budage (Source: Dezeen)
Kuva mu mahema yo mu gihe cy’inzererezi kugeza ku mazu ya prefab ashobora kugaragara ahantu hose, kugeza ku bitaro by’agateganyo bigira uruhare runini mu kibazo cy’umujyi muri iki gihe, inyubako z’agateganyo zagize uruhare rukomeye mu mateka y’umuntu.
Igikorwa gihagarariwe nigihe cyimpinduramatwara yinganda "London Crystal Palace" ninyubako yambere yigihe gito ifite akamaro gakomeye. Ikibanza kinini cy'agateganyo muri World Expo kigizwe rwose n'ibyuma n'ibirahure. Byatwaye amezi atarenze 9 kugirango birangire. Nyuma yo kurangira, yarashenywe ajyanwa ahandi, kandi kongera guterana byagaragaye neza.
Crystal Palace, MU Bwongereza (Source: Baidu)
Umwubatsi w’Ubuyapani Noriaki Kurokawa ya Takara Beautilion pavilion mu imurikagurisha ry’isi ryabereye i Osaka mu Buyapani mu 1970, yagaragayemo udusanduku twa kare dushobora kuvanwaho cyangwa kwimurwa mu cyuma cyambukiranya icyuma, ibyo bikaba byerekana intambwe nini yateye mu myubakire y’igihe gito.
Takara Beautilion pavilion （Inkomoko: Archdaily）
Uyu munsi, inyubako zigihe gito zishobora kubakwa byihuse zigira uruhare runini mubintu byose kuva kumazu yubatswe byigihe gito kugeza kumwanya wigihe gito, kuva kubutabazi bwihutirwa, ahakorerwa ibitaramo byumuziki kugeza ahabigenewe.
01 Iyo ibiza bibaye, inyubako zigihe gito ni ubuhungiro bwumubiri numwuka
Impanuka kamere zikomeye ntiziteganijwe, kandi byanze bikunze abantu bimuwe nabo. Imbere y’ibiza byibasiwe n’abantu, ubwubatsi bwigihe gito ntabwo bworoshye nk "" ubwenge bwihuse ", aho dushobora kubona ubwenge bwo kwitegura umunsi wimvura ninshingano mbonezamubano hamwe no kwita kubumuntu inyuma yubushakashatsi.
Mu ntangiriro z'umwuga we, umwubatsi w’Ubuyapani Shigeru Ban yibanze ku kwiga ku nyubako z’agateganyo, akoresheje imiyoboro y’impapuro kugira ngo yubake amazu y’igihe gito yangiza ibidukikije kandi akomeye. Kuva mu myaka ya za 90, inyubako ze z'impapuro zishobora kugaragara nyuma y'intambara y'abenegihugu yo muri Afurika, umutingito wa kobe mu Buyapani, umutingito wa Wenchuan mu Bushinwa, umutingito wa Haiti, tsunami mu majyaruguru y'Ubuyapani n'ibindi biza. Usibye amazu y’inzibacyuho nyuma y’ibiza, yubatse amashuri n’amatorero akoresheje impapuro, kugira ngo yubake abahohotewe. Muri 2014, Ban yatsindiye igihembo cya Pritzker kubwubatsi.
Inzu y'agateganyo nyuma y'ibiza muri Sri Lanka (Source: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Inyubako yigihe gito yishuri ryibanze rya Chengdu Hualin (Source: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Itorero ry'impapuro zo muri Nouvelle-Zélande (Inkomoko: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Kubijyanye na COVID-19, Ban nawe yazanye igishushanyo cyiza. Agace ka karantine karashobora kubakwa muguhuza impapuro nimpapuro zishobora gutandukanya virusi, hamwe nibiranga igiciro gito, byoroshye gutunganya kandi byoroshye kubaka. Ibicuruzwa byakoreshejwe nk'ikigo cyo gukingira by'agateganyo, akato ndetse n'uburaro muri ishikawa, Nara n'utundi turere two mu Buyapani.
(Inkomoko: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Usibye ubuhanga bwe mubyuma, Ban akenshi akoresha ibikoresho byiteguye kubaka inyubako. Yakoresheje kontineri nyinshi yubaka inzu y'agateganyo ingo 188 z’abayapani bahohotewe, ubushakashatsi mu iyubakwa rya kontineri nini. Ibikoresho byashyizwe ahantu hatandukanye na crane kandi bigahuzwa na twistlock.
Ukurikije izo ngamba zinganda, amazu yigihe gito arashobora kubakwa vuba mugihe gito kandi akagira imikorere myiza yimitingito.
(Inkomoko: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Hariho kandi kugerageza abubatsi b'Abashinwa kubaka inyubako z'agateganyo nyuma y'ibiza.
Nyuma y’umutingito "5.12", umwubatsi Zhu Jingxiang mu rusengero rwangiritse rw’ahantu h’ibanze rwa sichuan kubaka ishuri ry’ibanze, ishuri rishya rifite ubuso bwa metero kare 450, urusengero rw’abaturage, hamwe n’abakorerabushake barenga 30 barubatse, kubaka imiterere yumubiri UKORESHE icyuma cyoroshye, urupapuro rwuzuye rwuzuza ibahasha kandi bigira ingaruka zo gushimangira imiterere rusange, Irashobora kwihanganira umutingito 10. Ibikoresho byo kubika no kubika ubushyuhe bikoreshwa bifatanije nubwubatsi bw'amagorofa menshi hamwe no gushyira neza imiryango na Windows kugira ngo inyubako ishyushye mu gihe cy'itumba kandi ikonje mu cyi kandi ifite urumuri rusanzwe. Bidatinze nyuma yo gukoresha ishuri, inzira ya gari ya moshi igomba gukurwaho. Kugenda kwishusho yambere yemeza ko ishuri rishobora kongera kubakwa ahantu hatandukanye nta myanda.
(（Inkomoko: Archdaily）
Umwubatsi Yingjun Xie yateguye "Inzu y'Ubufatanye", ikoresha ibikoresho byose biboneka nk'ibikoresho byo kubaka, nk'amashami, amabuye, ibimera, ubutaka n'ibindi bikoresho byaho, anategura abaturage baho kwitabira igishushanyo mbonera no kubaka, bizeye ko bizagerwaho neza. ubumwe bwimiterere, ibikoresho, umwanya, ubwiza nibitekerezo byubaka birambye. Ubu bwoko bwinyubako "icyumba cyubufatanye" bwagize uruhare runini mukubaka ibyihutirwa nyuma yumutingito.
(Inkomoko: Xie Yingying Abubatsi)
02 Inyubako zigihe gito, imbaraga nshya zubwubatsi burambye
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryimpinduramatwara munganda, imyubakire igezweho hamwe nigihe cyuzuye cyamakuru yamakuru, ibyiciro byinyubako nini kandi zihenze zubatswe byubatswe mugihe gito, bivamo imyanda myinshi yubwubatsi idashobora gutunganywa. Gupfusha ubusa umutungo byatumye abantu muri iki gihe bibaza "iteka" ryubwubatsi. Umuyapani wububatsi Toyo Ito yigeze kwerekana ko ubwubatsi bugomba guhinduka kandi ibintu byihuse.
Muri iki gihe, ibyiza byinyubako byigihe gito biragaragara. Inyubako z'agateganyo nizirangiza inshingano zazo, ntizizangiza ibidukikije, zijyanye n'ibisabwa byo kurengera ibidukikije n'iterambere rirambye ry'imijyi.
Mu 2000, Shigeru Ban hamwe n’umwubatsi w’Ubudage Frei Otto bakoze igishushanyo mbonera cy’impapuro zometse kuri pavilion y’Ubuyapani mu imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ryabereye i Hannover mu Budage, ryashimishije isi yose. Bitewe n'imiterere y'agateganyo ya pavilion ya Expo, pavilion y'Abayapani izasenywa nyuma y'amezi atanu yo kumurika, kandi uwashushanyije yasuzumye ikibazo cyo gutunganya ibikoresho mu ntangiriro z'igishushanyo.
Kubwibyo, umubiri wingenzi winyubako ugizwe nimpapuro, firime yimpapuro nibindi bikoresho, bigabanya kwangiza ibidukikije kandi byoroshya gutunganya.
Ikibuga cy'Ubuyapani mu imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ryabereye i Hannover, mu Budage (Source: www.shigerubanarchitects.com)
Muri gahunda yo gutegura umushinga mushya w’ibiro by’ibiro by’agateganyo umushinga w’ibiro bishya bya Xiongan, agace gashya ku rwego rw’igihugu, umwubatsi Cui Kai yakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya kontineri kugira ngo akemure ibyubaka "byihuse" n "" by'agateganyo ". Irashobora guhuza ahantu hatandukanye hamwe nibisabwa gukoreshwa vuba aha. Niba hari ibindi bikenewe mugihe kizaza, birashobora kandi guhinduka kugirango bihuze nibibanza bitandukanye. Iyo inyubako irangije inshingano zayo zubu, irashobora gusenywa gusa no kuyitunganya, igateranyirizwa ahandi kandi ikongera gukoreshwa.
Umushinga mushya wa Xiongan Umushinga wibiro byigihe gito (isoko: Ishuri ryubwubatsi, kaminuza ya Tianjin)
Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, hasohotse “Gahunda ya 21 y’umutwe wa Olempike: Siporo igamije iterambere rirambye”, imikino Olempike yarushijeho kuba ifitanye isano n’igitekerezo cy’iterambere rirambye, cyane cyane imikino Olempike, bisaba kubaka resitora ya ski mumisozi. . Kugirango harebwe niba imikino irambye, imikino Olempike yabanjirije iyi yakoresheje umubare munini winyubako zigihe gito kugirango zikemure ikibazo cyumwanya wimirimo ifasha.
Mu mikino Olempike yabereye i Vancouver mu mwaka wa 2010, Umusozi wa Cypress wubatse amahema menshi yigihe gito hafi yinyubako ya serivise yumurima wambere; mu mikino Olempike ya Sochi 2014, abagera kuri 90% by'ibikorwa by'agateganyo byakoreshejwe mu bibuga ndetse no mu bwisanzure; Mu mikino Olempike ya PyeongChang 2018, hafi 80% bya metero kare zirenga 20.000 z'ubuso bw’imbere muri Parike ya Phoenix kugirango ibikorwa by’iki gikorwa byari inyubako zigihe gito.
Mu mikino Olempike yaberaga i Beijing mu 2022, Parike ya Ski ya Yunding i Chongli, Zhangjiakou yakiriye amarushanwa 20 mu byiciro bibiri: gusiganwa ku maguru ku buntu no koga urubura. 90% by'ibisabwa mu mikino Olempike itumba byaterwaga n'inyubako z'agateganyo, zifite metero kare 22.000 za metero z'agateganyo, hafi yo kugera ku rwego rw'umujyi muto muto. Izi nyubako zigihe gito zigabanya ikirenge gihoraho kurubuga kandi ikanabika umwanya kubice bikomeza gukorerwa ski kugirango bihinduke kandi bihinduke.
03 Iyo ubwubatsi butarimo imbogamizi, hazabaho byinshi bishoboka
Inyubako z'agateganyo zifite ubuzima bucye kandi zishyiraho imipaka mike ku mwanya n'ibikoresho, bizaha abubatsi icyumba kinini cyo gukiniraho no gusobanura ubuzima n'ubuhanga bw'inyubako.
Ingoro ya Serpentine i Londere mu Bwongereza, nta gushidikanya ko ari imwe mu nyubako z'agateganyo zihagarariwe ku isi. kuva mu 2000, Ingoro ya Serpentine yahaye abubatsi cyangwa itsinda ryabubatsi kubaka pavilion yigihe gito buri mwaka. Nigute ushobora kubona ibishoboka munzu zigihe gito ninsanganyamatsiko ya Serpentine Gallery kububatsi.
Igishushanyo cya mbere cyatumiwe na Serpentine Gallery mu 2000 ni Zaha Hadid. Igishushanyo cya Zaha kwari ukureka imiterere yihema yumwimerere no gusobanura ibisobanuro nimirimo yihema. Ushinzwe gutegura Serpentine Gallery amaze imyaka myinshi akurikirana kandi agamije "guhinduka no guhanga udushya".
Inkomoko ： Archdaily）
Ikibuga cy'inzoka cya Serpentine 2015 cyujujwe hamwe n'abashushanya Espagne José Selgas na Lucía Cano. Ibikorwa byabo bifashisha amabara atinyitse kandi birasa cyane nabana, bisenya uburyo bubi bwimyaka yashize kandi bizana abantu benshi gutungurwa. Abubatsi batewe inkunga na metero zuzuye abantu i Londres, umwubatsi yateguye pavilion nk'inzoka nini, aho abantu bashobora kumva umunezero wo mu bwana mugihe bagenda banyura mumiterere ya firime ya plastike.
Inkomoko ： Archdaily）
Mubikorwa byinshi, inyubako zigihe gito nazo zifite akamaro kihariye. Mu iserukiramuco rya "Umuntu utwika" muri Amerika muri Kanama 2018, umwubatsi Arthur Mamou-Mani yateguye urusengero rwiswe "Galaxia", rugizwe n'imitsi 20 y'ibiti mu buryo buzunguruka, nk'isanzure rinini. Nyuma yibi birori, izi nyubako zigihe gito zizasenywa, kimwe n’ibishushanyo byumucanga bya mandala muri Budisime ya Tibet, byibutsa abantu: kuzirikana ibihe.
Inkomoko ： Archdaily）
Mu Kwakira 2020, rwagati mu mijyi itatu ya Beijing, Wuhan na Xiamen, hubatswe amazu atatu mato y'ibiti yubatswe mu kanya gato. Nibiganiro byanyuze kuri "Umusomyi" wa CCTV. Mu minsi itatu yatambutse kandi iminsi ibiri ikurikira ikurikira, abantu 672 baturutse mumijyi itatu binjiye mumasomo aranguruye kugirango basome. Akazu kamwe kaboneyeho igihe bafataga igitabo bagasoma imitima yabo, bakibonera akababaro kabo, umunezero, ubutwari n'ibyiringiro.
Nubwo byatwaye amezi atarenze abiri uhereye kubishushanyo mbonera, kubaka, gukoresha kugeza gusenya, akamaro ka kimuntu kazanywe niyi nyubako yigihe gito gikwiye kwitabwaho neza nabubatsi.
Inkomoko: "Umusomyi" wa CCTV）
Umaze kubona izi nyubako zigihe gito aho ubushyuhe, radicalism na avant-garde bibana, ufite imyumvire mishya yubwubatsi?
Agaciro k'inyubako ntikaboneka mugihe cyayo cyo kugumana, ahubwo ni niba ifasha cyangwa itera abantu inkunga. Dufatiye kuri iyi ngingo, ibyo inyubako z'agateganyo zerekana ni umwuka w'iteka.
Ahari umwana wacumbikiwe ninyubako yigihe gito akazerera mu ngoro ya Serpentine ashobora kuzaba uwatsindiye igihembo cya Pritzker.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 21-04-22